The Virtue of Adam over the Angels
Allah stated the virtue of Adam above the angels, because He taught Adam, rather than them, the names of everything. This occurred after they prostrated to him. This discussion precedes that event here, only to show the importance of his position, and the absence of the angels' knowledge about creating the Khalifah when they asked about it. So Allah informed the angels that He knows what they do not know, and then He mentioned this to show them Adam's superiority over them in knowledge.
Allah said,
وَعَلَّمَ ادَمَ الاَسْمَاء كُلَّهَا
...
And He taught Adam all the names (of everything).
Ad-Dahhak said that Ibn Abbas commented on the Ayah;
"Meaning, the names that people use, such as human, animal, sky, earth, land, sea, horse, donkey, and so forth, including the names of the other species."
Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn Jarir reported that Asim bin Kulayb narrated from Sa`id bin Ma`bad that;
Ibn Abbas was questioned,
وَعَلَّمَ ادَمَ الاَسْمَاء كُلَّهَا
(And He taught Adam all the names (of everything) "Did Allah teach him the names of the plate and the pot?"
He said, "Yes, and even the terms for breaking wind!"
Allah taught Adam the names of everything, their proper names, the names of their characteristics, and what they do, just as Ibn Abbas stated about the terms for passing gas.
In his Sahih, Al-Bukhari explained this Ayah in the Book of Tafsir with a report from Anas bin Malik who said that the Messenger of Allah said,
يَجْتَمِعُ الْمُومِنُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَيَقُولُونَ لَوِ اسْتَشْفَعْنَا إِلَى رَبِّنَا
The believers will gather on the Day of Resurrection and will say, `We should seek a means of intercession with our Lord.'
فَيَأْتُونَ ادَمَ فَيَقُولُونَ أَنْتَ أَبُو النَّاسِ خَلَقَكَ اللهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَيِكَتَهُ وَعَلَّمَكَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاشْفَعْ لَنَا عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ حَتَّى يُريحَنَا مِنْ مَكَانِنَا هَذا
They will go to Adam and say, `O Adam! You are the father of all mankind, Allah created you with His Own Hand, ordered the angels to prostrate for you and taught you the names of everything. Will you not intercede for us with your Lord, so that he relieve us from this gathering place.'
فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ وَيَذْكُرُ ذَنْبَهُ فَيَسْتَحْيِي ايْتُوا نُوحًا فإِنَّهُ أَوَّلُ رَسُولٍ بَعَثَهُ اللهُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الاَْرْضِ
On that Adam will reply, `I cannot do what you have asked'. He will have remembered his error and will be embarrassed, saying, `Go to Nuh, for he is the first of Allah's Messengers whom Allah sent to the people of the earth.'
فَيَأْتُونَه
They will go to Nuh and ask him.
فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُناكُمْ وَيَذْكُر سُوَالَه رَبَّه مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ بِه عِلْم فَيَسْتَحْيِي فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا خَلِيلَ الرَّحْمن
He will say, `I cannot do what you have asked.' He will recall asking Allah what he was not to know, and will also be embarrassed. He will say, `Go to Khalil Ar-Rahman.'
فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا مُوسَى عَبْدًا كَلَّمَهُ اللهُ وَأعْطَاهُ التَّوْرَاةَ
They will go to Ibrahim and he will also say, `I cannot do what you have asked.' He will say, `Go to Musa, a servant to whom Allah spoke directly and gave the Tawrah.'
فَيقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُم فَيَذْكُرُ قَتْلَ النَّفْسِ بِغَيْرِ نَفْسٍ فَيَسْتَحْيِي مِنْ رَبِّهِ فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا عِيسى عَبْدَاللهِ وَرَسُولَهُ وَكَلِمَةَ اللهِ ورُوحَهُ
Musa will say, `I cannot do what you have asked.' He will remember that he killed a person without justification and will be embarrassed before his Lord. He will say, `Go to `Isa, Allah's servant and Messenger and His Word and a spirit of His.'
فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ ايْتُوا مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّم مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ
They will go to `Isa and he will say, `I will not do what you asked. Go to Muhammad, a servant whose previous and latter errors were forgiven.'
فَيَأْتُونِّي فأَنْطَلِقُ حَتَّى أَسْتأذِنَ عَلَى رَبِّي فيَأْذَنُ لِي
They will come to me, and I will go to Allah and seek His permission and He will give me His permission.
فإِذَا رأَيْتُ رَبِّي وَقَعْتُ سَاجِدًا فَيَدَعُنِي مَا شَاءَ اللهُ
When I gaze at my Lord, I will prostrate myself and Allah will allow me to remain like that as much as He will.
ثُمَّ يُقَالُ ارْفَعْ رَأْسَكَ وَسَلْ تُعْطَهْ وَقُلْ يُسْمَعْ وَاشْفَعْ تُشَفَّعْ
Then I will be addressed, `O Muhammad! Raise your head; ask, for you will be given what you ask, and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted.'
فأَرْفَعُ رَأْسِي فأَحْمَدُهُ بِتَحْمِيدٍ يُعَلِّمُنِيهِ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيُحَدُّ لِي حَدًّا فأُدْخِلُهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ
I will raise my head and thank and praise Allah with such praise as He will inspire me. I will intercede and He will grant me a quantity of people that He will admit into Paradise.
ثُمَّ أَعُودُ إلَيْهِ فَإذَا رَأَيْتُ رَبِّي مِثْلَهُ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيُحَدُّ لِي حدًّا فأُدْخِلُهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ
I will go back to Him, and when I see my Lord, I will intercede and He will allow me a quantity that He will admit into Paradise.
ثُمَّ أَعُودُ الثَّالِثَةَ ثُمَّ أعُودُ الرَّابِعَةَ
I will do that for a third and then a fourth time.
فَأَقُولُ مَا بَقِيَ فِي النَّار إلاَّ مَنْ حَبَسَهُ الْقُرْانُ وَوَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْخُلُود
I will say, `There are no more people left in Hell except those whom the Qur'an has incarcerated and have thus acquired eternity in Hell.'
This Hadith was collected by Muslim, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah.
The reason why we mentioned this Hadith here is the Prophet's statement,
فَيَأْتُونَ ادَمَ فَيَقُولُون أنْتَ أَبُو النَّاسِ خَلَقَكَ اللهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَيِكَتَهُ وَعَلَّمَكَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْء
They will go to Adam and say, `O Adam! You are the father of all mankind, and Allah created you with His Own Hand, ordered the angels to prostrate for you, and taught you the names of everything.
This part of the Hadith testifies to the fact that Allah taught Adam the names of all creatures.
This is why Allah said,
...
ثُمَّ عَرَضَهُمْ عَلَى الْمَلَيِكَةِ
...
Then He showed them to the angels,
meaning, the objects or creations.
Abdur-Razzaq narrated that Ma`mar said that Qatadah said,
"Allah paraded the objects before the angels,
...
فَقَالَ أَنبِيُونِي بِأَسْمَاء هَـوُلاء إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ
And said, "Tell Me the names of these if you are truthful"."
Allah's statement means,
"Tell Me the names of what I paraded before you, O angels who said,
أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَن يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاء
(Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood), (2:30). You asked, `Are You appointing a Khalifah from us or from other creations We praise and glorify You.
Therefore, Allah said, "If you say the truth, that if I appoint a non-angel Khalifah on the earth, he and his offspring will disobey Me, commit mischief and shed blood, but if I designate you the Khalifahs you will obey Me, follow My command and honor and glorify Me. However, since you do not know the names of the objects I paraded before you, then you have even less knowledge of what will occur on the earth that does not exist yet."
قَالُواْ سُبْحَانَكَ لاَ عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلاَّ مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ
