فَرَجَعَ مُوسَى إِلَى قَوْمِهِ غَضْبَانَ أَسِفًا
...
Then Musa returned to his people in a state of anger and sorrow (Asif).
This means that after Allah informed him of what they were doing, he became extremely angry and upset with them. He was very worried for them. During this time he received the Tawrah, which contained their Shariah (Law), this was a great... honor for them. For they were a people who used to worship other than Allah. Every person with sound reason and good sense could see that what they were doing was false and foolish. This is why Allah said that he (Musa) returned to them in a state of anger and sorrow. The word for sorrow used here is Asif, which is used to emphasize to the severity of his anger.
Mujahid said,
"In a state of anger and sorrow means worried."
Qatadah and As-Suddi said,
"Asif here means in a state of sadness because of what his people had done after him."
...
قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ أَلَمْ يَعِدْكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ وَعْدًا حَسَنًا
...
He (Musa) said: "O my people! Did not your Lord promise you a fair promise..."
This means, "Did He not promise you in that which I have spoken to you, every good in this life and in the Hereafter, and the good end in the final outcome of things You have already witnessed how He helped you defeat your enemy (Fir`awn) and He made you victorious over him and He blessed you with other bounties as well through His help."
...
أَفَطَالَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْعَهْدُ
...
Did then the promise seem to you long in coming,
meaning, `in waiting for what Allah had promised you and forgetting His previous favors and the covenant that He made with you before.'
...
أَمْ أَرَدتُّمْ أَن يَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ
...
Or did you desire that wrath should descend from your Lord on you,
The word `Or' here means `Nay, but.'
It is used here to separate between a previous item and a coming item. It is as if it is saying, "Nay, but you want to make permissible the anger of your Lord upon you by what you have done. Therefore, you have broken your promise to me."
...
فَأَخْلَفْتُم مَّوْعِدِي
that you broke your promise to me!"
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